should be based on the use of waste-free, low-waste, resource and energy-saving technologies, machinery and equipment, as well as taking into account an integrated system of environmental protection measures.
It is known that it is clean not where they clean, but where they do not litter. If cleaning is the purification of harmful emissions at the enterprise, then the development and implementation of low-waste (or non-waste) technologies allow "not to litter".
According to the definition adopted by the European Economic Commission for Low-Waste Technologies, waste-free (environmentally friendly) technology is a method of manufacturing products (process, enterprise, industrial complex), in which raw materials and energy are most rationally and comprehensively used in the cycle "raw materials - production - consumption - secondary resources "(so that any impact on the environment does not disrupt its normal functioning).
Unfortunately, industrial production cannot be absolutely clean, but its negative impact on the environment must be minimized, that is, to replace "dirty" industries with low-waste ones.
Low-waste production is such that the harmful impact on the environment does not exceed the level allowed by sanitary and hygienic standards; at the same time, part of the raw materials and materials goes into waste, which is sent to burial.
Cleaner production is characterized by the continuous and full application of a pollution-free environmental strategy to processes and products in order to reduce the risk to humanity. In relation to processes, this is the rational use of raw materials and energy; elimination of the use of toxic raw materials; reducing the amount of all emissions and waste generated in the production process, as well as the degree of their toxicity. Cleaner production means reducing the impact of a product on the environment throughout its entire life cycle - from the extraction of raw materials to disposal (or disposal) after use. Cleaner production is achieved by improving technology, applying know-how, and changing production management and disposal of by-products.
Sometimes, especially in foreign literature, the term "cleaner production" is used, which is understood as a technological strategy that prevents environmental pollution and minimizes the risk to people and the environment. In relation to processes, this is the rational use of raw materials and energy, the elimination of the use of toxic raw materials, the amount and degree of toxicity of all emissions and waste generated during the production process. From a product point of view, cleaner production means reducing its environmental impact over the entire life cycle of a product, from the extraction of raw materials to disposal (or disposal) after use. Cleaner production is achieved by improving technology, applying know-how and / or improving the organization of production (Zaitsev, 1987). Note that these definitions do not imply the possibility of complete waste-free production.
The creation of low-waste resource-saving technologies puts forward a number of general requirements aimed at a qualitative change in production. It:
- complex processing of raw materials using all of its components;
-intensification of production processes based on their automation, electronization and robotization; introduction of science-intensive, high-tech automated systems;
- cyclical and closed material flows while minimizing industrial waste;
- reducing the division of the technological process into separate operations, reducing the number of intermediate stages of the transition from raw materials to the final product; application of continuous processes and reduction of the time of technological cycles;
- reduction of specific consumption of natural resources and energy, maximum replacement of primary resources with secondary ones, recycling of by-products and waste into the main process, regeneration of excess energy;
- the use of combined energy technology processes that ensure the maximum use of the entire potential of energy resources;
- the introduction of environmental biotechnologies based on physical, chemical and biological processes, providing the possibility of using or neutralizing waste by bringing it to its natural state;
- creation of integrated technologies covering the spheres of nature management, production and consumption.
A systematic analysis of production processes from these positions makes it possible to determine the ways of creating new generation technologies.